 Marshall
Cultural Atlas
This collection of student work is from
Frank Keim's classes. He has wanted to share these works for others
to use as an example of Culturally-based curriculum and documentation. These
documents have been OCR-scanned. These are available
for educational use only.
Pink or Humpback Salmon
(Oncorhynchus gorbscha)
(Amaqaayaq)
The Pink salmon is also known as the "humpback" or
"humpy" because of the flattened hump which develops on the back of
an adult male before spawning. In many Alaskan coastal fishing
communities the Pink salmon is called "bread and butter." Pink salmon
also contribute substantially to the catch of sport anglers and
subsistence users in Alaska. It's native from Pacific to Arctic
coastal waters in the east (northern California to Canada), and in
the west from the Lena River in Siberia to Korea.
The Pink salmon is the smallest of the Pacific
salmon found in North America with an average weight of up to four
pounds and average length of twenty to twenty-five inches. An adult
pink salmon returning to the coastal waters has a bright steely blue
back and a silvery color on the sides with large black spots on the
back and tail fin. It has scales that are very small and has pink
flesh. When they spawn, the males have brown to black backs and a
white belly; females become olive green with dusky bars or patches on
the back and a light colored belly. When the male reaches the
spawning stream it develops the hump on its back and has hooked jaws.
Juvenile pink salmon are silvery without the dark vertical bars of
the young of other salmon species.
In late June and mid-October adult Pink salmon
enter Alaskan spawning streams. They spawn within a few miles of the
coast, and spawning at the mouth of streams is very common. The
female carries between 1,500 and 2,000 eggs. Before she releases her
eggs she has to dig a nest. The eggs are immediately fertilized by
one or more males after they are released from the female. Within two
weeks the male and female die after spawning. The eggs hatch in the
winter into alevins, or fry with yolk sacs attached. The alevins feed
on the yolk material for their development. In late winter or spring
the fry migrate downstream into salt water. Pink salmon mature in two
years which means that odd-year and even-year populations are
unrelated.
In the early years of fishing, floating fish traps
were employed to catch Pink salmon, but such traps were prohibited in
1959. The commercial Pink salmon catch comprises about sixty-seven
percent of the total North American catch and about twenty-five
percent of the total catch worldwide.
Pink salmon fisheries are important in all coastal
regions of Alaska south of Kotzebue Sound. Commercial canning and
salting of Pink salmon began in the late 1800's and expanded until
1920. Runs declined a lot duing the 1940's and 1950's, however. Now
intensive effort is being made to rebuild those runs through
hatcheries, fish ladders, and improved regulatory
management.
Tatiana
Sergie
Christmastime Tales
Stories real and imaginary about Christmas, Slavik, and the New Year
Winter, 1996 |
Christmastime Tales II
Stories about Christmas, Slavik, and the New Year
Winter, 1998 |
Christmastime Tales III
Stories about Christmas, Slavik, and the New Year
Winter, 2000 |
| Summer Time Tails 1992 |
Summertime Tails II 1993 |
Summertime Tails III |
| Summertime Tails IV Fall, 1995 |
Summertime Tails V Fall, 1996 |
Summertime Tails VI Fall, 1997 |
| Summertime Tails VII Fall, 1999 |
Signs of the Times November 1996 |
Creative Stories From Creative Imaginations |
| Mustang Mind Manglers - Stories of the Far Out,
the Frightening and the Fantastic 1993 |
Yupik Gourmet - A Book of
Recipes |
|
| M&M Monthly |
|
|
| Happy Moose Hunting! September Edition 1997 |
Happy Easter! March/April 1998 |
Merry Christmas December Edition 1997 |
| Happy Valentine’s
Day! February Edition
1998 |
Happy Easter! March/April Edition 2000 |
Happy Thanksgiving Nov. Edition, 1997 |
| Happy Halloween October 1997 Edition |
Edible and Useful Plants of Scammon
Bay |
Edible Plants of Hooper Bay 1981 |
| The Flowers of Scammon Bay Alaska |
Poems of Hooper Bay |
Scammon Bay (Upward Bound Students) |
| Family Trees and the Buzzy Lord |
It takes a Village - A guide for parents May 1997 |
People in Our Community |
| Buildings and Personalities of
Marshall |
Marshall Village PROFILE |
Qigeckalleq Pellullermeng ‘A
Glimpse of the Past’ |
| Raven’s
Stories Spring 1995 |
Bird Stories from Scammon Bay |
The Sea Around Us |
| Ellamyua - The Great Weather - Stories about the
Weather Spring 1996 |
Moose Fire - Stories and Poems about Moose November,
1998 |
Bears Bees and Bald Eagles Winter 1992-1993 |
| Fish Fire and Water - Stories about fish, global warming
and the future November, 1997 |
Wolf Fire - Stories and Poems about Wolves |
Bear Fire - Stories and Poems about Bears Spring,
1992 |
|
