Alaska Natives at the Time of the Invasions: A Cultural Profile Project

Draft 3

Do not quote or copy without permission from Mike Gaffney or from Ray Barnhardt at the Alaska Native Knowledge Network, University of Alaska-Fairbanks. Mike Gaffney suggests that one read the Teacher's Manual Preview first to get a good idea about the purpose and design of this secondary school textbook.

Mike Gaffney

ENDNOTES

Chapter One

1. See the Artic Studies Center’s website for the exhibit’s announcement. Portions of Feinup-Riordan’s “the Living Tradition of Yup’ik Masks can be found on the Tribal Arts website.
2. Go to: www.splcenter.org/index.jsp and www.infoplease.com
3. Go to: http://www.infoplease.com/spot/confederate4.html. Also see:
4. Delgamuukw v. British Columbia File No.: 23799. 1997: June 16, 17; 1997: December 11.
5. Nora Dauenhauer, Richard Dauenhauer, Lydia Black (eds.) Anooshi Lingit Aani Ka, Russians in Tlingit America: The Battles of Sitka, 1802 and 1804, University of Washington Press, 2007
6. Tlingit and Haida Indians of Alaska v. the United States. 182 Ct. Cls. 130, 1959.

Chapter Two

1. Stuck, Hudson, The Ascent of Denali, The Mountaineers edition, 1977, pp. vii – xi.
2. See: Mann, Charles C., 1491, Alfred A. Knopf, 2005, pp. 342-343.
3. The U. S. Army’s Counter Insurgency Field Manual written by General David Petraeus and his staff defines ethnicity or ethnic group in almost the same way as I have here. The Field Manual’s definition, moreover, seems very much like a definition published earlier in a sociology textbook by Anthony Giddens. Citing the similarity of these definitions along with other examples, the question of plagiarism on the General’s part has been raised. See: David Price, “Pilfered Scholarship Devastates General Petraeus's Counterinsurgency Manual” in Counterpunch, October 30, 2007.
   
   This alleged plagiarism only came to my attention when I was well into the second draft of this book. I had no prior knowledge of Petraeus’ or Gidden’s work as I constructed my definition of ethnicity. I suggest, moreover, that ethnicity is so widely used today that there is a general understanding of its meaning. Any number of people wishing to define or explain ethnicity are therefore likely to use many of the same terms – race, language, national origin, values, religion, etc.
4. Online edition of The Baptist Standard Newsmagazine, 16 April, 2006. And see: Online edition of Media Matters for America, 3 Feburary, 2006
5. Go to: the ALASKOOL website for more on racial segregation in Alaska history.
6. Jans, Nick, “Living with Oil,” Alaska Magazine, March, 2008, p. 39.
7. See: Mischler, Craig, The Crooked Stovepipe, University of Illinois Press, 1993.

Chapter Three

1. See: “Alaska Native Languages” on the Alaskool website.
2. Rasmussen Knud, Across Arctic America, Putnam & Sons, 1927, p. x.

Chapter Four

1. The basic framework for illustrating differences between northern and southern Alaska Native societies is found in Joan Townsend’s “Ranked Societies of the Alaskan Pacific Rim,” Senri Ethnological Studies,4, 1979, pp 123–156.
2. Alaska Natives and the Land, Federal Field Committee Report, 1969.
3. Burch Jr., Ernest, The Traditional Eskimo Hunters of Point Hope, Alaska, 1800–1875. Barrow, Alaska:The North Slope Borough, 1981
4. Ellanna, Linda J. and Sherrod, George K., From Hunters to Herders:The Transformation of Earth, Society, and Heaven Among the Iñupiaq of Beringia, Department of Anthropology, University of Alaska – Fairbanks, August, 2004, p. 135.
5. In re Sah Quah, 1 Alaska. Fed. Rpts. 136 (1886).
6. Huntington, Henry, Inuit Whaling: Special issue, Inuit Circumpolar Conference, June 1992.
7. Berger, Thomas R. Village Journey, Hill and Wang, 1985.
8. Huntington, Op Cit.

Chapter Five

1. Cohen, Felix, Handbook of Federal Indian Law. U. S. Government Printing Office, 1948., p. Vlll.
2. See: United States v. Dion, 1986, 106 S. Ct. 2216.
3. From his email critique of an earlier draft, November 21, 2007.
4. For an in-depth analysis of the modern Supreme Court’s seeming dismissal of Indian law principles, see: Getches, David H., “Conquering the Cultural Frontier: the new Subjectivism of the Supreme Court in Indian law” in California Law Review, Vol. 84, No. 6, 1996.
5. Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965).
6. The Marshall Trilogy: Johnson v. McIntosh, 22 U. S. ( 8 Wheat.) 543, 1823; Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 30 U. S. ( 5 Pet.) 1; Worcester v. Georgia, 31 U. S. ( 6 Pet.) 515.
7. Cohen, Op Cit., p122.
8. Map from: Wilkinson, Charles, Blood Struggle, W. W. Norton Co., 2005, p. 51.
9. For an analysis of criminal jurisdiction over nonmember Indians and the Duro Fix, see: Fletcher, Matthew, “Affirmation of tribal criminal jurisdiction over nonmember American Indians.” Michigan Bar Journal, July, 2004.
10. D. Case & D. Voluck, Op Cit., p. 435.
11. Go to the the Native American Rights Fund website and see the section discussing Individual Indian Money (IIM) Accounts & Cobell v. Kempthorne.
12. Mills, James P., “The Use of Hiring Preferences by Alaska Native Corporations After Malabed v. North Slope Borough”, Seattle University Law Review, Volume 28, Issue 2: Winter 2005.
13. Getches, David et al, Handbook of Federal Indian law: Cases and Materials, West Group, 4th Edition, 1998, p. 131.
14. See: Deloria Jr., Vine, “Revision and Reversion” in The American Indian and the Problem of History, Calvin Martin (Editor) Oxford University Press, 1987, pp. 84 – 90.
15. Wilkinson, Charles and Volkman, John, “Judicial Review of Indian Treaty Abrogation,” in Getches, Ob Cit, p. 323.
16. See: Blurton, David, “Canons of Construction, Stare Decisis, and Dependent Indian Communities, 16 ALASKA L. REV. 37, 48 (1999).

Chapter Six

1. Wilkinson, Charles, American Indians, Time, and the Law, Yale University Press, 1987, p 8.
2. See: Getches, David et al, Cases and Materials on Federal Indian Law, 4th Edition, West Group, 1998, pp. 209-214.
3. On the connection between ANCSA, ANILCA, and the subsistence compromise, see: Case and Voluck, Ibid, pp. 157-58 and 301-02.
4. Case and Voluck, Ob Cit. p. 62.
5. See: Washington v. Washington State Commercial Passenger Fishing Vessel Association. 99 S. CT. 3055, 1979.

Chapter Seven

1. From: Lantis, Margaret (Ed.), Ethnohistory in Southwestern and the Southern Yukon: Method and Content. The University Press of Kentucky, 1970, pp. 179-180.
2. Torrey, Barbara Boyle, Slaves of the Harvest: The Story of the Pribilof Aleuts, St. Paul, Alaska: Tanadgusix Corporation, 1978.
3. A very readable history of the Indian Claims Commission can be found in: Lieder, Michael & Page, Jake, Wild Justice: The People of Geronimo vs. the United States, Random House, 1997.
4. Federal Field Committee for Development Planning in Alaska, Alaska Natives and the Land, Anchorage, Alaska, 1968.
5. The idea that cultural knowledge largely consists of mundane, taken for granted, often invisible rules governing social interactions in everyday life is well explained in the works of James Spradley and David McCurdy. See their: The Cultural Perspective. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press. 1989. Also see: Philips, Susan, The Invisible Culture: Communication in Classroom and Community on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Waveland Press,1992.
6. Henry Louis Gates Jr.”Axing a Few Questions About Black Vernacular,” New York Times, October 2004

Chapter Nine

1. Go to: www. lib.berkeley.edu/TeachingLab/Guides/PrimarySources.html.
2. Neihardt, John G. Black Elk Speaks, Pocket Book Edition, 1975.
3. The Encylopedia of North American Indians, edited by Frederick E. Hoxie, pp, 340, 590-591, and 694-696, 1996.
4. Terkel, Studs, Hard Times:An Oral History of the Great Depression. W. W. Norton & Company, November, 2000.
5. Ibid.
6. Fienup-Riodan, Anne, “Robert Redford, Apanuugpak, and the Invention of Tradition,” Études Inuit, 11, 1987. Also see: Nora Dauenhauer, Richard Dauenhauer, Lydia Black (eds.) Anooshi Lingit Aani Ka, Russians in Tlingit America: The Battles of Sitka, 1802 and 1804, University of Washington Press, 2007. And see:Hope, Herb, “The Kiks.ádi Survival March of 1804” in Andrew Hope III, and Thomas F. Thorton,. Will the Time Ever Come?:A Tlingit Source Book, 2000.
7. See:MANIILAQ, compiled from the recorded words of elders by R. Sampson and A. Newlin in the late 1970's. MANIILAQ can also be found on the ALASKOOL website.
8. Ernest S. Burch, Jr. “From Skeptic to Believer:The Making of an Oral Historian” Alaska History, Vol. 6, No. 1, Spring 1991, p. 3.
9. Burch, Op Cit., 1998. Also see: Peter-Raboff, Adeline, Inuksuk:Northern Koyukon, Gwich’in, & Lower Tanana, 1800-1901. Alaska Native Knowledge Network, 2001

Chapter Ten

1. Burch Jr., Ernest, “Studies in Native History as a Contribution to Alaska’s Future,” Special Lecture, 32nd Alaska Science Conference, Fairbanks, Alaska, August, 1981. Also see:Burch, Op Cit, 1991.
2. Hedges, Chris, War is a Force that gives Us Meaning, Anchor Books, 2002, p. 10.
3. As quoted on page 155 of The Ice Road by Gillian Slovo (W. W. Norton, 2004).
4. Hardy, Thomas, The Dynasts, Part 1 (1904).
5. Raboff, Op Cit., 2001, and Burch Jr., Ernest and Mishler, Craig, “The Di’haii Gwitch’in:Mystery People of Northern Alaska,” in Arctic Anthropology, Vol 32, No. 1, pp. 147-172, 1995.
6. Rasmussen, Op Cit., p. 332.

Chapter Eleven

1. Zagoskin, L. A., Travels in Russian America, 1842-1844, edited by Henry N. Michael, Arctic Institute of North America, University of Toronto Press, 1967.
2. Russian Administration of Alaska and the Status of Alaska Natives. Library of Congress, 1959. pp. 53 – 57.
3. Go to: http://www.aics.org/aics.html. Also see: Pro-Football, Inc. v. Suzan Shown Harjo, U.S. District Court, 2003.
4. Zagoskin., Op Cit, p. 97.
5. Nelson, Richard K., Make Prayers to the Raven: A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest. University of Chicago Press, 1983.
6. Dauenhauer, Dauenhauer, and Black, Op Cit.
7. Naslund, Sena Jeter, Ahab’s Wife or, the Star-Gazer, Harper Perennial, 2000 (p. 610)

Chapter Twelve

1. Whorl, Rosita, “Tlingit” in Hoxie, Frederick E. (ed.) The Encylopedia of North American Indians, Houghton Mifflin, 1996, p. 631. Langdon, Steve, The Native People of Alaska,. Greatland Graphics, 1989.
2. The map is from: Burch, E., “War and Trade” in Crossroads of Continents, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1988, p. 236.
3. “On the Back Slough,” Schneider, William, in J. Aigner et al (eds.) Interior Alaska, Alaska Geographic Society, 1986, p. 148. For a recent summary of research showing Iñupiaq pre-contact access to Western goods, See: Ellanna, Op Cit., pp. 23-26.
4. From: Wilson, James, The Earth Shall Weep: A History of Native America, Grove Press, 1996. See Maps at the very beginning of the book.
5. Schneider, Op Cit, p. 152-153
6. Burch, Ernest Jr., Traditional Eskimo Hunters, Op cit.
7. Burch, Ernest, The Iñupiaq Eskimo Nations of Northwest Alaska, University of Alaska Press, 1998, pp. 325-326.
8. Bockstoce, John, Whales, Ice, and Men, University of Washington, 1995, pp. 205 – 230.
9. List of requisite social functions is loosely based on, Aberle, D. F., Cohen, A. K., Davis, A., Levy, M. & Sutton, F. X. (1950). “Functional prerequisites of society.” Ethics, 60, 100-111.
10. See: Peter-Raboff, Op Cit, pp. 133-135, and Schneider, Op Cit, p. 155.
11. Deloria Jr. Vine and Lytle, Clifford American Indians, American Justice, Univ. of Texas Press, 1983, pp. 112 -113.
12. See: Marshall, Joseph III, The Journey of Crazy Horse, Viking Press, 2004.
13. Deloria and Lytle, Op Cit. pp. 168 – 170.
14. See: Dauenhauer, Richard, “Conflicting Visions in Alaska Education,” Univ of Alaska Fairbanks,1997.

Chapter Thirteen

1. Carlos Frank v. State of Alaska, Supreme Court of Alaska (1979.AK.224). All quoted material is from the Alaska Supreme Court’s written opinion.
2. Sherbert v. Verner (374 U.S. 398) 1963, and Wisconsin v. Yoder (406 U.S. 205) 1972.
3. Getches, Op Cit., pp. 768-769.
4. Muktoyuk, Mary, Iñupiaq Rules for Living. Anchorage: AMU Press.
5. Fienup-Riordan, Ann, “Eye of the Dance: Spiritual Life of the Bering Sea Eskimo”’ in W. Fitzhugh & A Crowell (eds.), Crossroads of Continents, pp. 267-269.
6. Reid, Anna, The Shaman’s Coat: A Native History of Siberia, Walker Publishing Co. 2003, pp. 4-5
7. Karina Solovyova, “Shamanism among the Peoples of Western and Eastern Siberia,” Russian Museum of Ethnography, at: About. Com
8. Worl, Rosita, “The Ìxt’: Tlingit Shamanism,” Celebration 2000, Sealaska Heritage Foundation, 2000, pp. 155-172.
9. 1978 Nana Elders Conference in Kotzebue presented online by Alaskool.org.
10. Nelson, Richard K., Make Prayers to the Raven, University of Chicago, 1983, p. 20.
11. Andy Hope, “Southeast Region: Reading Poles” in Sharing Our Pathways, A newsletter of the Alaska Rural Systemic Initiative. Volume 3, Issue 5, 1998
12. E-mail message to the editors of the New York Times Book Review, October 29, 2006, p.6.
13. We find the “doctrine of higher uses” defined and examined in: Berkhofer Jr., Robert, The White Man’s Indian, Random House, 1978.
14. As reported in: Gallagher, Op Cit. p. 127.
15. See: Newshour interview with Jame Oliver Horton, op cit. and websites for the Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic site and the Jim Crow entry in Wikipedia.
16. Go to: About Australia. Com
17. Mabo v. Queensland (No 2) , 1992, HCA, 23.
18. Turner, Frederick Jackson, “The Problem of the West”, Atlantic Magazine, 1896.
19. Deloria Jr., Vine & Lytle, Clifford, The Nations Within, University of Texas Press, 1998, p. 2.

Chapter 14

1. Erickson, Frederick, “Culture in society and in educational practices” in J. Banks and C. Banks (Eds.)Multicultural Education – Issues and Practices, John Wiley & Sons; 5 edition (February 1, 2001). Although aimed at the connections between culture, society, and education, he gives a very clear and comprehensive review of the concept of culture, including linguistic and cognitive orientations to the study of cultural differences.
2. Fienup-Riordan, 1988, p. 262, and Langdon, 1989, p. 40.
3. Energy Information Administration website at eia.doe.gov.
4. The Arctic Council’s 2004 report on Arctic warming. Also see the Nov. 9, 2004 Los Angeles Times article, “Report:Arctic warms rapidly” by Usha Lee McFarling.
5. Black, Lydia and R. G. Liapunova, “Aleut: Islanders of the North Paciific”in W. Fitzhugh & Crowell (eds.), Crossroads of Continents, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1988, p. 55
6. Go to:http:-//www.athropolis.com/links/inuit.htm

1. Richard K. Nelson’s “Raven’s People” in J. Aigner, Op Cit. p. 206.
2. Einstein:The Life and Times, Ronald W. Clark, Page 502.
3. Sharing Our Pathways. A newsletter of the Alaska Rural Systemic Initiative
   Alaska Federation of Natives Volume 3, Issue 5 November/December 1998
4. Laughlin, William S. Aleuts: Survivors of the Bering Land Bridge, 1980. Steve Langdon, 1989, p. 20. Black, Lydia and Liapunova, 1988, pp. 53.
5. Kawagley, Op Cit., pp. 71-72.
6. Go to: academics.skidmore.edu/../the infamous ro.html
7. Fienup-Riordan, 1988, and Fitzhugh, W. and Kaplan, S., Inua:Spirit World of the Bering Sea Eskimo, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982.
8. Fitzhugh, W., “Comparative Art of the North Pacific Rim” in W. Fitzhugh & Crowell (eds.), Crossroads of Continents, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1988, p. 304.
9. Fitzhugh, Ibid, p. 301.
10. Andrew Hope III, Op Cit. Also see his article in Raven’s Bones Journal, Vol. 5, No. 1, Nov. 1996.
11. Emmons, George Thorton, The Tlingit Indians, (Fredrica de Laguna, ed.), University of Washington Press, 1991
12. Holm, Bill, “Art and Culture Change at the Tlingit – Eskimo border” in W. Fitzhugh & Crowell (eds.), Crossroads of Continents, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1988, pp. 281 – 293
13. Go to Clarissahudson.com

Table of Contents